Biomarkers - Immune Function
Immune Function
This section documents inflammatory and immune biomarkers measured in TILDA, including CRP, cytokines, TNF-pathway markers, and antibody-based measures of infectious exposure.
Immune Function Biomarkers
Click each heading to expand details of this biomarker.
Overview
What is it? C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Circulating CRP concentrations can rise rapidly in response to inflammatory stimuli, infection or tissue injury.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate systemic inflammation and immune activity, including associations between chronic low-grade inflammation, ageing and age-related health outcomes.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Immunoturbidimetric assay for the quantitative determination of CRP in plasma. CRP binds to antibody-coated latex particles, with the resulting agglutination quantified by changes in absorbance measured at 525 nm and 625 nm.
Equipment / analyser: Waves 1 and 3: Roche Hitachi Cobas c 701 analyser with Roche Cobas CRP Gen3 kits.
Laboratory: Waves 1 and 3: Biochemistry Department, Laboratory Medicine (LabMed), St James’s Hospital, Dublin.
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Measurement range | 1.0-350 mg/L |
| Lower detection limit | 1.0 mmol/mol |
| Assay CoV | 0.111 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C-Reactive Protein | X | X | X |
Reference
- National Library of Medicine (2024) C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Test. MedlinePlus. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/c-reactive-protein-crp-test/
Example TILDA Papers
- Laird E, O’Halloran AM, Molloy AM, Healy M, Bourke N, Kenny RA. Vitamin D status & associations with inflammation in older adults. PLoS One. 2023;18(6):e0287169. Published 2023 Jun 28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287169
Overview
What is it? Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a cytokine with an important role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. It is produced predominantly by activated immune cells and contributes to macrophage activation and host defence against viral and other intracellular pathogens.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate immune activation and systemic inflammatory processes, including associations between IFN-γ concentrations, immune function, chronic inflammation and inflammatory or autoimmune conditions.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Pro-inflammatory Panel 1. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and IFN-γ concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.37- 1876.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.37 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.059 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interferon-gamma | X | X |
Reference
- Kak, G., Raza, M. and Tiwari, B.K. (2018) ‘Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Exploring its implications in infectious diseases’, Biomolecular Concepts, 9(1), pp. 64–79. doi:10.1515/bmc-2018-0007.
Other References
- Feng E, Balint E, Poznanski SM, Ashkar AA, Loeb M. Aging and Interferons: Impacts on Inflammation and Viral Disease Outcomes. Cells. 2021 Mar 23;10(3):708. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030708
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
Overview
What is it? Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is an anti-inflammatory member of the interleukin-1 cytokine family. It binds to interleukin-1 receptors without activating them, thereby inhibiting signalling by the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β and helping regulate inflammatory responses.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate regulation of systemic inflammation and immune activity, including the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling and associations with chronic inflammatory and age-related conditions.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Cytokine Panel 2. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and IL-1RA concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.33- 5200.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.33 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.099 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist | X | X |
Reference
- Dinarello, C.A. (2018) ‘Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity’, Immunological Reviews, 281(1), pp. 8–27. doi:10.1111/imr.12621.
Other References
- Teissier T, Boulanger E, Cox LS. Interconnections between Inflammageing and Immunosenescence during Ageing. Cells. 2022 Jan 21;11(3):359. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030359
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
Overview
What is it? Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that plays a central role in regulating immune responses. It promotes the proliferation, differentiation and survival of activated T cells and is also important for the development and maintenance of regulatory T cells that help control immune activity.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate T-cell activation and regulation of immune function, including associations between IL-2 concentrations, inflammatory and autoimmune processes, immune ageing and other immune-related health outcomes.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Pro-inflammatory Panel 1. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and IL-2 concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.09- 1876.20 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.09 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.252 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-2 | X | X |
Reference
- Ross, S.H. and Cantrell, D.A. (2018) ‘Signaling and function of interleukin-2 in T lymphocytes’, Annual Review of Immunology, 36, pp. 411–433. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053352.
Other References
- Roelfsema F, Liu PY, Yang R, Takahashi P, Veldhuis JD. Interleukin-2 drives cortisol secretion in an age-, dose-, and body composition-dependent way. Endocr Connect. 2020 Jul;9(7):637-648. https://doi.org/10.1530/ec-20-0211
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
- Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
Overview
What is it? Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine involved in the regulation of immune responses. It promotes the differentiation of naïve T cells towards a Th2 immune response, supports B-cell and IgE responses, and can suppress the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate Th2-mediated immunity and regulation of inflammatory responses, including associations between IL-4 concentrations, immune ageing, allergic and inflammatory processes, and other immune-related health outcomes.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Pro-inflammatory Panel 1. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and IL-4 concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.02- 316.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.02 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.297 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-4 | X | X |
Reference
- Junttila, I.S. (2018) ‘Tuning the cytokine responses: An update on interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 receptor complexes’, Frontiers in Immunology, 9, p. 888. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00888.
Other References
- Finlay CM, Allen JE. IL-4-ever young: Type 2 cytokine signaling in macrophages slows aging. Immunity. 2024 Mar 12;57(3):403-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.013
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
- Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
Overview
What is it? Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. It is produced by multiple cell types in response to infection, tissue injury and other inflammatory stimuli and can exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate systemic inflammation and inflammageing, including associations between IL-6 concentrations, frailty, functional decline, cardiovascular disease and mortality in ageing populations.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Pro-inflammatory Panel 1. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and IL-6 concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.06- 976.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.06 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.082 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-6 | X | X |
Reference
- Maggio, M., Guralnik, J.M., Longo, D.L. and Ferrucci, L. (2006) ‘Interleukin-6 in aging and chronic disease: a magnificent pathway’, The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 61(6), pp. 575–584. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.6.575.
Other References
- Tylutka A, Walas Ł, Zembron-Lacny A. Level of IL-6, TNF, and IL-1β and age-related diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2024 Mar 1;15:1330386. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330386
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
- Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
Overview
What is it? Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, is a pro-inflammatory chemokine involved in the recruitment and activation of immune cells. A major function of IL-8 is attracting neutrophils to sites of inflammation and promoting their activation.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate systemic inflammation and innate immune activity, particularly neutrophil recruitment and activation. In ageing research, IL-8 can also be examined in relation to chronic inflammation, cellular senescence and age-related health outcomes.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Pro-inflammatory Panel 1. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and IL-8 concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.31- 1082.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.31 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.043 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-8 | X | X |
Reference
- Ha, H., Debnath, B. and Neamati, N. (2017) ‘Role of the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 axis in cancer and inflammatory diseases’, Theranostics, 7(6), pp. 1543–1588. doi:10.7150/thno.15625.
Other References
- apogna E, Watne LO, Sørensen Ø, Guichelaar CJ, Idland AV, Halaas NB, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Walhovd KB, Fjell AM, Vidal-Piñeiro D. Associations of neuroinflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 with brain atrophy, memory decline, and core AD biomarkers - in cognitively unimpaired older adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2023 Oct;113:56-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.027
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
- Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
Overview
What is it? Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunoregulatory cytokine with predominantly anti-inflammatory effects. It is produced by several immune cell types and helps limit inflammatory responses by suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulating immune-cell activity.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory responses, including the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling. In ageing research, IL-10 can be examined in relation to chronic inflammation, immune ageing and inflammatory health outcomes.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Pro-inflammatory Panel 1. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and IL-10 concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.04- 466.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.04 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.075 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-10 | X | X |
Reference
- Saraiva, M., Vieira, P. and O’Garra, A. (2020) ‘Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10’, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 217(1), e20190418. doi:10.1084/jem.20190418.
Other References
- Dagdeviren S, Jung DY, Friedline RH, Noh HL, Kim JH, Patel PR, Tsitsilianos N, Inashima K, Tran DA, Hu X, Loubato MM, Craige SM, Kwon JY, Lee KW, Kim JK. IL-10 prevents aging-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 2017 Feb;31(2):701-710. https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.201600832R
- Carlini V, Noonan DM, Abdalalem E, Goletti D, Sansone C, Calabrone L, Albini A. The multifaceted nature of IL-10: regulation, role in immunological homeostasis and its relevance to cancer, COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions. Front Immunol. 2023 Jun 8;14:1161067. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161067
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
- Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
Overview
What is it? Interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70) is the biologically active form of IL-12, a pro-inflammatory cytokine composed of p35 and p40 subunits. It promotes Th1 immune responses and activates natural killer (NK) and T cells, including stimulation of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate pro-inflammatory and cell-mediated immune responses, particularly Th1, T-cell and NK-cell activity. IL-12p70 can also be examined in relation to immune dysregulation, inflammatory and autoimmune processes, and changes in immune function with ageing.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Pro-inflammatory Panel 1. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and IL-12p70 concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.11- 630.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.11 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.219 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-12p70 | X | X |
Reference
- Trinchieri, G. (2003) ‘Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity’, Nature Reviews Immunology, 3(2), pp. 133–146. doi:10.1038/nri1001.
Other References
- Ullrich KA, Schulze LL, Paap EM, Müller TM, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Immunology of IL-12: An update on functional activities and implications for disease. EXCLI J. 2020 Dec 11;19:1563-1589. https://doi.org/10.17179%2Fexcli2020-3104
- IL12p70 – An Overview. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/interleukin-12p70
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
- Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
Overview
What is it? Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is an immunoregulatory cytokine closely related to IL-4 and associated particularly with type 2 immune responses. It acts on several cell types, including B cells, macrophages and epithelial cells, and contributes to the regulation of allergic inflammation and tissue remodelling.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate type 2 immune and inflammatory responses, including associations between IL-13 concentrations, allergic inflammation, immune regulation and fibrotic processes. It can also be examined alongside other cytokines to characterise patterns of immune function and inflammation.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Pro-inflammatory Panel 1. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and IL-13 concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.24- 706.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.24 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.202 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-13 | X | X |
Reference
- Wynn, T.A. (2015) ‘Type 2 cytokines: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies’, Nature Reviews Immunology, 15(5), pp. 271–282. doi:10.1038/nri3831.
Other References
- Roeb E. Interleukin-13 (IL-13)-A Pleiotropic Cytokine Involved in Wound Healing and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Aug 17;24(16):12884. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms241612884
- Sasson J, Moreau GB, Petri WA Jr. The role of interleukin 13 and the type 2 immune pathway in COVID-19: A review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023 Jun;130(6):727-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2023.03.009
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
- Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
Overview
What is it? Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced predominantly by Th17 cells and other immune cells. It promotes the recruitment and activation of neutrophils and plays an important role in immune defence against extracellular pathogens and in the regulation of inflammatory responses.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate Th17-mediated immunity and inflammatory responses, including neutrophil-associated immune activity and dysregulated inflammation. IL-17A can also be examined in relation to chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions and other immune-related health outcomes.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Cytokine Panel 1/Th17 Panel. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and IL-17A concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.31- 7300.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.31 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.117 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-17A | X | X |
Reference
- McGeachy, M.J., Cua, D.J. and Gaffen, S.L. (2019) ‘The IL-17 family of cytokines in health and disease’, Immunity, 50(4), pp. 892–906. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.021.
Other References
- Huangfu L, Li R, Huang Y, Wang S. The IL-17 family in diseases: from bench to bedside. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023 Oct 11;8(1):402 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01620-3
- McGeachy MJ, Cua DJ, Gaffen SL. The IL-17 Family of Cytokines in Health and Disease. Immunity. 2019 Apr 16;50(4):892-906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.021
- Li Y, Mao M, Zhu L, Sun Q, Tong J, Zhou Z. IL-17A drives cognitive aging probably via inducing neuroinflammation and theta oscillation disruption in the hippocampus. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Jul;108:108898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108898
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
- Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
Overview
What is it? Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by several immune cell types, particularly activated macrophages and monocytes. It plays a central role in coordinating inflammatory and immune responses and regulates processes including immune-cell activation, cell survival and cell death.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate systemic inflammation and immune activation. In ageing research, TNF-α can also be examined in relation to chronic low-grade inflammation and age-related outcomes including frailty, functional decline and cardiovascular health.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Multiplex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) V-PLEX Pro-inflammatory Panel 1. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and TNF-α concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.04- 596.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.04 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.06 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha | X | X |
Reference
- Zelová, H. and Hošek, J. (2013) ‘TNF-α signalling and inflammation: interactions between old acquaintances’, Inflammation Research, 62(7), pp. 641–651. doi:10.1007/s00011-013-0633-0.
Other References
- Bruunsgaard H, Skinhøj P, Pedersen AN, Schroll M, Pedersen BK. Ageing, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000 Aug;121(2):255-60. https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2249.2000.01281.x
- Lindbergh CA, Casaletto KB, Staffaroni AM, Elahi F, Walters SM, You M, Neuhaus J, Rivera Contreras W, Wang P, Karydas A, Brown J, Wolf A, Rosen H, Cobigo Y, Kramer JH. Systemic Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Trajectories Relate to Brain Health in Typically Aging Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Jul 13;75(8):1558-1565. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerona%2Fglz209
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
- Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
Overview
What is it? Tumour necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) is one of the two main receptors for tumour necrosis factor (TNF). It is expressed on several immune and other cell types and participates in the regulation of immune responses, cell survival and tissue repair. TNFR2 signalling is particularly important in the activation, proliferation and function of regulatory T cells.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate TNF-related immune and inflammatory activity, including regulation of T-cell responses and inflammatory signalling. In ageing research, circulating TNFR2 can also be examined in relation to chronic inflammation and age-related health and functional outcomes.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood, maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after blood collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: Single-plex immunoassay using the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) R-PLEX platform. Assays were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and TNFR2 concentrations were calculated using MSD Discovery Workbench Software (v4.0).
Equipment / analyser: SECTOR Imager 6000 (Meso Scale Discovery)
Laboratory: Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Measurement Characteristics
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Units | pg/mL |
| Measurement range | 0.18- 50,000.00 pg/ml |
| Lower detection limit | 0.18 pg/ml |
| Assay CoV | 0.056 |
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 | X | X |
Reference
- Yang, S., Wang, J., Brand, D.D. and Zheng, S.G. (2018) ‘Role of TNF–TNF receptor 2 signal in regulatory T cells and its therapeutic implications’, Frontiers in Immunology, 9, p. 784. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00784.
Other References
- van Loo G, Bertrand MJM. Death by TNF: a road to inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023 May;23(5):289-303. doi: 10.1038/s41577-022-00792-3. Epub 2022 Nov 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00792-3
- Dostert C, Grusdat M, Letellier E, Brenner D. The TNF Family of Ligands and Receptors: Communication Modules in the Immune System and Beyond. Physiol Rev. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):115-160. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00045.2017
- Günther A, Becker M, Göpfert J, Joos T, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Comparison of Bead-Based Fluorescence Versus Planar Electrochemiluminescence Multiplex Immunoassays for Measuring Cytokines in Human Plasma. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 24;11:572634. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572634
- Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:586. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586
Overview
What is it? VirScan is a high-throughput antibody profiling method used to characterise an individual’s history of immune responses to a broad range of human viruses. It detects antibodies that recognise viral peptide sequences, providing a profile of previous viral exposures and associated humoral immune responses.
Research relevance: Can be used to investigate patterns of previous viral exposure and antiviral antibody responses across individuals. In ageing research, VirScan data can support investigation of relationships between viral exposure history, immune ageing, inflammation, multimorbidity, physical and cognitive function and other health outcomes.
Sample type: Frozen K2EDTA blood plasma
Sample Collection / Handling
Plasma was isolated from 10 mL of fresh whole blood maintained at 2–4°C for 24–48 hours after collection and subsequently frozen at −80°C.
Assay / Measurement
Method: VirScan using phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-Seq). Plasma antibodies are screened against a phage-display library of peptides representing the human virome. Antibody-bound phage are immunoprecipitated and their DNA sequenced to identify viral peptides recognised by antibodies, generating a broad profile of antiviral antibody reactivity.
Equipment / analyser: PhIP-Seq / high-throughput DNA sequencing; specific analyser N/A
Laboratory: CDI Laboratories Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Collection Waves
| Biomarker | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VirScan Viral Exposure History | X |
Reference
- Xu, G.J. et al. (2015) ‘Viral immunology. Comprehensive serological profiling of human populations using a synthetic human virome’, Science, 348(6239), aaa0698. doi:10.1126/science.aaa0698.
Other References
- Shrock EL, Shrock CL, Elledge SJ. VirScan: High-throughput Profiling of Antiviral Antibody Epitopes. Bio Protoc. 2022;12(13):e4464. https://doi.org/10.21769/bioprotoc.4464
- Monaco DR, Kottapalli SV, Breitwieser FP, Anderson DE, Wijaya L, Tan K, Chia WN, Kammers K, Caturegli P, Waugh K, Roederer M, Petri M, Goldman DW, Rewers M, Wang LF, Larman HB. Deconvoluting virome-wide antibody epitope reactivity profiles. EBioMedicine. 2022 Jan;75:103747. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103747. Epub 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ebiom.2021.103747
- Bjornevik K, Cortese M, Healy BC, et al. Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis. Science. 2022;375(6578):296-301. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj8222